(English)
In the first millennium BC, Iranian nomads established irrigation systems along the rivers of Central Asia and built towns at Bukhara and Samarqand. These places became extremely wealthy points of transit on what became known as the Silk Road between China and Europe. In the seventh century AD, the Soghdian Iranians, who profited most visibly from this trade, saw their province of Transoxiana (Mawarannahr) overwhelmed by Arabs, who spread Islam throughout the region. Under the Arab Abbasid Caliphate, the eighth and ninth centuries were a golden age of learning and culture in Transoxiana. As Turks began entering the region from the north, they established new states, many of which were Persianate in nature. After a succession of states dominated the region, in the twelfth century, Transoxiana was united in a single state with Iran and the region of Khwarezm, south of the Aral Sea. In the early thirteenth century, that state was invaded by Mongols, led by Genghis Khan. Under his successors, Iranian-speaking communities were displaced from some parts of Central Asia. Under Timur (Tamerlane), Transoxiana began its last cultural flowering, centered in Samarqand. After Timur the state began to split, and by 1510 Uzbek tribes had conquered all of Central Asia.
In the sixteenth century, the Uzbeks established two strong rival khanates, Bukhoro and Khorazm. In this period, the Silk Road cities began to decline as ocean trade flourished. The khanates were isolated by wars with Iran and weakened by attacks from northern nomads. Between 1729 and 1741 all the Khanates were made into vassals by Nader Shah of Persia. In the early nineteenth century, three Uzbek khanates—Bukhoro, Khiva, and Quqon (Kokand)—had a brief period of recovery. However, in the mid-nineteenth century Russia, attracted to the region's commercial potential and especially to its cotton, began the full military conquest of Central Asia. By 1876 Russia had incorporated all three khanates (hence all of present-day Uzbekistan) into its empire, granting the khanates limited autonomy. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Russian population of Uzbekistan grew and some industrialization occurred.
(Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча)
Oʻzbekiston — Oʻrta Osiyoning markaziy qismida joylashgan mamlakat. Oʻzbekistonning poytaxti — Toshkent shahri boʻlib, davlat tili — oʻzbek tili hisoblanadi. Maydoni — 448,978 km2. Aholi soni (2018) — ↗32.979.000 . Pul birligi — soʻm. Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi 12 ta viloyat, Toshkent shahri va Qoraqalpogʻiston Respublikasidan iboratdir, shuningdek, davlat mustaqil, demokratik, dunyoviy va konstitutsiyaviy davlat ham hisoblanadi. Oʻzbekiston MDH, BMT, YXHT, va SHHT aʼzosidir. Oʻzbekiston qirgʻoqqa ega bo'lmagan besh mamlakat bilan, yaʻni: shimoldan Qozogʻiston; shimoli-sharqdan Qirgʻiziston; janubi-sharqdan Tojikiston; janubdan Afgʻoniston; va janubi-gʻarbiy qismida Turkmaniston bilan chegaradosh.
Oʻzbekiston iqtisodiyoti bozor iqtisodiyotiga bosqichma-bosqich oʻtadi, tashqi savdo siyosati import oʻrini bosishga asoslangan. 2017-yil sentabrida mamlakat valyutasi bozor kursi boʻyicha toʻliq konvertatsiya qilinmoqda. Oʻzbekiston paxta tolasini ishlab chiqaruvchi va eksport qiluvchi yirik korxonadir. Mamlakatda shuningdek, dunyodagi eng yirik oltin koni mavjud. Sovet davridagi ulkan energiya ishlab chiqarish qurilmalari va tabiiy gazni yetkazib berish bilan Oʻzbekiston Markaziy Osiyodagi eng yirik elektr ishlab chiqaruvchisi boʻldi.
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